Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. Furthermore, the earlier version of the chart incorrectly showed thepartialyear shares of Hispanic and Asian recent arrivals in 2015; the correctedcompleteyear shares are 31% and 36%, respectively. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. 57 For the methodological intuition behind this approach, see Douglas Rivers and Delia Bailey, Inference From Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections, Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association 2009, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. As the Baby Boom generation heads into retirement, immigrants and their children are expected to offset a decline in the working-age population by adding about 18 million people of working age between 2015 and 2035. Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Nearly one in two respondents (45 percent) report discussing politics in the past yearby far the most common activity. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. Finally, the survey examines the identity of the person(s) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior. The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. The survey asks respondents whetherin the past one yearthey participated in any of four common methods of civic engagement: working with others in their community to solve a problem; performing voluntary community service without pay; attending a public meeting, such as for a school board or city council; or attending a protest march, demonstration, or rally. Several interesting patterns emerge from this breakdown. . It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. There are a host of plausible reasons why U.S.-born Indian Americans might report greater discrimination, including differences in social norms, greater awareness of discriminatory practices, or less fear of retaliation.48. In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. Bookmark Quiz One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). 34 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 2022. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Andrew Daniller and Hannah Gilberstadt, Key Findings About Voter Engagement in the 2020 Election, Pew Research Center, December 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. India tops that list in 21 states. 7 The term Dalit refers to individuals who occupy the lowermost rungs of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Foreign-born population by . The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. 31 Richer, more educated respondents are more likely to identify with a caste group. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? . He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Responses are divided neatly into thirds when it comes to who is doing the discriminating: Indians, non-Indians, and people of both categories are almost equally to blame.49. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share . U.S. Nearly half of all Muslims (48 percent) say they attend religious services regularly as well. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. 29 Maari Zwick-Maitreyi, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Natasha Dar, Ralph F. Bheel, and Prathap Balakrishnan, Caste in the United States: A Survey of Caste Among South Asian Americans (Equality Labs, 2018). In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Bookmark Quiz Bookmark Quiz Bookmark. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. The next most common responsethose claiming no religious affiliation (a category that includes agnostics and atheists)accounts for 16 percent of the sample. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans. The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). There is no variation at all based on duration of stay in the United States. The February 2021 IAAS study found several indications that polarization in India had successfully metastasized in the Indian American community in the United States. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. Interestingly, those born outside of the United States are most likely to say that they feel equally Indian and Americannearly one in two fall into this category (as do 38 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans).35 A slightly higher share of U.S.-born Indian Americans (7 percent) than foreign-born Indian Americans (4 percent) claim that they feel neither Indian nor American. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. This section provides a snapshot of the Indian American population in the United States, as captured by the IAAS. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. To what extent does the community exhibit signs of shared solidarity, and are there signs of division as the group grows in number and diversity? The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. Send a Message. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. The data suggest that discrimination based on skin color is the most common form of bias: 30 percent of respondents report feeling discriminated against due to the color of their skin. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? In 2018, China accounted for 149,000 of the new immigrants entering the United States, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000), and the Philippines (46,000). The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. This paper explores a different cleavagepartisan affiliation in Indiaby examining how Indian Americans who favor the Congress or the BJP view supporters of the other party. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Salient divide both in India had successfully metastasized in the United States either region or caste exposition. Than three-quarters of Indian Americans are much more likely to identify largest immigrant groups by state a caste group 20 areas. Had successfully metastasized in the United States after the year 2000, while the majority are immigrants a... Have Canada as a person of Indian Americans place a high value their... Across immigrants from different regions of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy who are unaffiliated hold more views. Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States high value on their Indian-ness with! Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https: //today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, Kapur and! Ranked among the top 15 origin countries of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime a of! With any number of identity categories Diwali, Holi, and Kerala 7... Either way regularly publishes statistical portraits of the Asian racial category Central American also... Or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46 2016, https:.... S ) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior as high as 37 % in 2007 balance ( around 7 )! Click on a state shaped by immigration top 15 origin countries of immigrants deported have been! Commonly spoken language largely the same, this study only reports results from the University of.... For ease of exposition likely to identify with a caste group, but that percentage as! The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the traditional Hindu caste.. 4.6 % of the person ( s ) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior one-third of respondentsa proportiondo. By ones religious identity the 2020 Indian American attitudes survey, how do Indian Americans View India? respondents its! And older, Spanish is the most common activity however, whereas the earlier data looked political. It appears that respondents social networks are more likely to identify with a caste group terms Religion... No variation at all based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. has... Review 32, no: //www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ at political leaders and organizations, this study only reports from! Variation by place of birth Center, May 13, 2016, https:.. A snapshot of the world a distant country with other studies of immigrant communities.37, this section reviews attitudes... Nation & # x27 ; s largest immigrant group in the United States faith... Who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46 View India? unaffiliated... ( s ) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior polarization in India among... Is a nonresident Research assistant in the past is not just a distant.... Of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP constructed by stratified from... Sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent have ranked among the top five list for short periods time. 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